Bonjour
Je pense que ton exo porte sur le pluperfect ( ou past perfect)....
Le pluperfect sert à situer des actions antérieures à celles énoncées au prétérit
Verbe HAVE au prétérit (had) + participe passé du verbe
a- When the Jim Cros laws were abolished...... slavery had been abolished for more than ten years.
b- ...After the Supreme Court had declared segregation ilegal....
c- Martin Luther King had already lectured all over the country...
d- If the bus driver had not ordered Rosa Paris ...
e- By the early 1960s, Malcolm had emerged as a....
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Bonne journée