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The Arab sciences[1] developed in the Middle Ages, in the political-religious context of Arab and Muslim expansion. The Arab-Muslim world was at its scientific peak from the 8th to the middle of the 12th century[2]: it was the “Islamic Golden Age”. This scientific culture took off in Damascus under the last Umayyads, then in Baghdad under the first Abbasids. It began with translations accompanied by critical readings of works from Antiquity in physics, mathematics, astronomy and even medicine, translations which contributed to forming “classical” Arab culture[3]. Conversely, from the 16th century onwards, “a form of 'resistance' to European medical and scientific knowledge became evident”
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